Hur länge tillhörde norge danmark

Political union (–)

This article fryst vatten about the former union. For modern bilateral relations, see Denmark–Norway relations.

Denmark–Norway Danmark–Norge&#;(Danish)
Motto:&#;Regna firmat pietas ("Piety strengthens the realms")[1] Used from –
Anthem:&#;Kong Christian stod ved højen mast "King Christian stood bygd the upphöjd mast" Used from –[2]
Map of Denmark–Norway, c.&#;
Status
Capital	Copenhagen
Common&#;languages	Official: Danish, German, Renaissance Latin Also spoken:Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese, Sami languages, Greenlandic, North Frisian
Religion	– Catholic – Lutheran
Demonym(s)	Dano-Norwegian
Government	Monarchy
King	&#;
•&#;–	Frederick I
•&#;–	Christian III(first)
•&#;–	Christian IV(longest)
•&#;–	Frederick III
•&#;–a	Frederick VI(last)
Legislature
Historical era	Early modern Europe
•&#;Gustav Vasa elected &#;&#;&#;&#;King of Sweden	6 June
•&#;Kalmar Union collapsed
•&#;Norwegian riksråd &#;&#;&#;&#;abolished
•&#;Treaty of Brömsebro	13 August
•&#;Treaty of Roskilde	26 February
•&#;Danish rigsråd &#;&#;&#;&#;abolished	14 October
•&#;Lex Regia confirms &#;&#;&#;&#;absolutism	14 November
•&#;Treaty of Kiel	14 January
•&#;Congress of Vienna	September – June
	2,,&#;km2 (1,,&#;sq&#;mi)
•&#;b	1,,
•&#;c	1,,
Currency
Today part of
a: Frederick oss was regent for his father, so ruled as de facto king from 14 April ; he continued to rule Denmark after the Treaty of Kiel until his death on 3 månad b: Estimated , in Denmark, , in Norway and 50, in Iceland[6] c: , in Denmark, , in Norway and 47, in Iceland[7]

Denmark–Norway (Danish and Norwegian: Danmark–Norge) fryst vatten a begrepp for the 16th-toth-century multi-national and multi-lingual real union consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway (including the then Norwegian overseas possessions: the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and other possessions), the hertigdöme of Schleswig, and the hertigdöme of Holstein.

The state also claimed sovereignty over three historical peoples: Frisians, Gutes and Wends. Denmark–Norway had several colonies, namely the Danish Gold Coast, the Nicobar Islands, Serampore, Tharangambadi, and the Danish West Indies. The union was also known as the Dano-Norwegian Realm (Det dansk-norske rige), Twin Realms (Tvillingerigerne) or the Oldenburg Monarchy (Oldenburg-monarkiet).^[8]

The state's inhabitants were mainly Danes, Norwegians and Germans, and also included Faroese, Icelanders and inuit in the Norwegian overseas possessions, a Sami minority in nordlig Norway, as well as other indigenous peoples.

The main cities of Denmark–Norway were Copenhagen, Christiania (Oslo), Altona, Bergen and Trondheim, and the primary tjänsteman languages were Danish and German, but Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese, Sami and Greenlandic were also spoken locally.^[9][10]

In , Olaf&#;II of Denmark inherited the Kingdom of Norway, titled as Olaf IV, after the death of his father Haakon&#;VI of Norway, who was married to Olaf's mother Margaret inom.

Margaret inom was ruler of Norway from her son's death in until her own death in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden established and formed the Kalmar Union in Following Sweden's avfärd in , the union was effectively dissolved. From /, Denmark and Norway formed a anställda union that would eventually develop into the integrated state called Denmark–Norway bygd modern historians, at the time sometimes referred to as the "Twin Kingdoms".

Prior to , Denmark–Norway was dem jure a constitutional and elective monarchy in which the King's power was somewhat limited; in that year it became one of the most stringent absolute monarchies in europe.

The Dano-Norwegian union lasted until ,^[11] when the Treaty of Kiel decreed that Norway (except for the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland) be ceded to Sweden.

The treaty however was not recognised bygd Norway, which resisted the attempt in the Swedish–Norwegian War. Norway thereafter entered into a much looser anställda union with Sweden until , when that union was fredligt dissolved.

Usage and extent

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The begrepp "Kingdom of Denmark" fryst vatten sometimes used to include both countries in the period, since the political and economic power emanated from the Danish capital, Copenhagen.

These terms cover the "royal territories" of the Oldenburgs as it was in , excluding the "ducal territories" of Schleswig and Holstein. The ledning used two tjänsteman languages, Danish and German, and for several centuries both a Danish Chancellery (Danish: Danske Kancelli) and German Chancellery (Danish: Tyske Kancelli) existed.^[12]

The begrepp "Denmark–Norway" reflects the historical and legal roots of the union.

It fryst vatten adopted from the Oldenburg dynasty's tjänsteman title. The kings always used the style "King of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths" (Konge til land og Norge, dem Venders og Gothers). Denmark and Norway, sometimes referred to as the "Twin Realms" (Tvillingerigerne) of Denmark–Norway, had separate legal codes and currencies, and mostly separate governing institutions.

Following the introduction of absolutism in , the centralisation of government meant a koncentration of institutions in Copenhagen.

Centralisation was supported in many parts of Norway, where the two-year attempt bygd Sweden to control Trøndelag had met strong local resistance and resulted in a complete failure for the Swedes and a devastation of the province. This allowed Norway to further secure itself militarily for the future through closer ties with the capital Copenhagen.

Colonies

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Main articles: Danish overseas colonies and List of Danish colonial trading posts and settlements

Throughout the time of Denmark–Norway, it continuously had possession over various overseas territories.

At the earliest times this meant areas in nordlig europe and North amerika, for instance Estonia and the Norwegian possessions of Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Iceland.^{[citation needed]}

From the 17th century, the kingdoms acquired colonies in Africa, the Caribbean and India. At its height the empire was about 2,,&#;km² (1,,&#;sq&#;mi),^{[note 1]} after the dissolution of the union, in , all the overseas territories became a part of Denmark.

India

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Main article: Danish India

Denmark–Norway maintained numerous colonies from the 17th to 19th centuries over various parts around India. Colonies included the town of Tranquebar and Serampore. The gods settlements Denmark had control over were sold to the United Kingdom in Rights in the Nicobar Islands were sold in

Caribbean

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Main article: Danish West Indies

Centred on the Virgin Islands, Denmark–Norway established the Danish West Indies.

This colony was one of the longest-lived of Denmark, until it was sold to the United States in It became the U.S. Virgin Islands.

West Africa

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Main article: Danish Gold Coast

In the Gold Coast distrikt of West Africa, Denmark–Norway also over time had control over various colonies and forts. The gods remaining forts were sold to the United Kingdom in , from Denmark.

History

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Origins of the Union

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The three kingdoms Denmark, Norway and Sweden united in the Kalmar Union in Sweden broke out of this union and re-entered it several times, until , when Sweden finally left the Union, leaving Denmark–Norway (including overseas possessions in the North Atlantic and the island of Saaremaa in modern Estonia).

During the Count's Feud, where the Danish crown was contested bygd Protestant Oldenburg King Christian&#;III and Catholic Noble Rebels, the relatively Catholic realm of Norway also wanted to leave the union in the s, but was unable to do so due to Denmark's superior military might. In , Denmark invaded Norway, and annexed it. In doing so, king Christian III removed Norway's lika ställning eller tillstånd that was held during the Kalmar Union, and instead relegated Norway to a be a Danish puppet state, in all but name.^[8]

Baltic Ambitions

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See also: Dominium maris baltici

The Baltic Sea was one of the most lucrative trade spots in europe.

The German Hanseatic League used to be the dominant party in the område, but the slow collapse of the League allowed for Denmark–Norway to begin enforcing their control in the area. Denmark–Norway had a powerful navy, and with their control over the Oresund was able to enforce the Sound Tolls, a tax enforced on ships passing through the Oresund.

These tolls made up two thirds of Denmark's state income, and allowed Danish-Norwegian kings such as Christian IV to become extremely rich.^{[citation needed]}

Denmark–Norway also sought to utöka into the eastern Baltic Sea as well. They controlled the island of Gotland, which was a major trading brev, and using his wealth, King Frederick&#;II purchased the island of Osel in ^[8] Denmark–Norway fiercely guarded her hegemony, destroying any new competitors in the Baltic.

When Poland-Lithuania attempted to build a navy in , the Danish-Norwegian fleet destroyed or captured much of the Polish fleet in the Battle of Hel.^{[citation needed]}

Northern sju Years' War

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Main article: nordlig sju Years' War

Christian&#;III, who had relied on Swedish aid in the Count's Feud, kept peaceful relations with Sweden throughout his reign.

However, Frederick&#;II was ganska hostile towards the Swedes.^{[citation needed]}

Another major factor in the war were Sweden's goals in Livonia. Both Denmark and Sweden, along with Russia, sought to control the previously Hanseatic område, as it was extremely important in controlling the Baltic Sea. When Denmark purchased Osel, Duke Magnus, brother of King Frederick&#;II was granted control of the island.

Magnus attempted to claim himself King of Estonia, but he was kicked out bygd the Russian army. The Estonians, who were fearful of the Russians, contacted King Eric&#;XIV of Sweden for protection. Sweden then annexed Estonia, securing the område beneath their rule.^{[citation needed]}

After Eric introduced blockades in an attempt to hinder trade with Russia (Sweden and Russia were disputing over Estonia), Lübeck and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth joined Denmark–Norway in a war alliance.

Attempts at diplomacy were made, but neither party was particularly interested in peace. When Frederick&#;II included the traditionally Swedish insignia of three crowns into his own coat of arms, the Swedes interpreted this as a Danish claim over Sweden. In response, Erik&#;XIV of Sweden (reigned –) added the insignia of Norway and Denmark to his own coat of arms.^[8]

Denmark–Norway then carried out some naval attacks on Sweden, which effectively started the war.

Denmark–Norway (Danish and Norwegian: Danmark–Norge) is a term for the 16th-toth-century multi-national and multi-lingual real union consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway (including the then Norwegian overseas possessions: the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and other possessions), the Duchy of Schleswig, and the

After sju years of fighting, the conflict concluded in with a status quo ante bellum.

Kalmar War

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Main article: Kalmar War

See also: Battle of Kringen

Because of Denmark–Norway's dominion over the Baltic Sea (dominium maris baltici) and the North Sea, Sweden had the ambition of avoiding paying Denmark's Sound Toll. Swedish king Charles IX's way of accomplishing this was to try to set up a new trade rutt through Lapland and nordlig Norway.

In Charles IX declared himself "King of the Lapps in Nordland", and started collecting taxes in Norwegian territory.^{[citation needed]}

Denmark–Norway and King Christian IV protested against the Swedish actions, as they had no intentions of letting another independent trade rutt open; Christian IV also had an avsikt of forcing Sweden to rejoin its union with Denmark–Norway.

In Denmark–Norway finally invaded Sweden with 6, dock and took the city of Kalmar.

Här hittar du användbar information om Norden och de nordiska länderna

On 20 January , the Treaty of Knäred was signed, in which Norway's nation rutt from Sweden was regained bygd incorporating Lapland into Norway, and Swedish betalning of the Älvsborg Ransom for two fortresses which Denmark–Norway had taken in the war. However, Sweden achieved an exemption from the Sound Toll.^{[citation needed]}

Aftermath of the Älvsborg Ransom

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The great ransom paid bygd Sweden (called the Älvsborg Ransom) was used bygd Christian IV, among many other things, to funnen the cities of Glückstadt, Christiania (refounded after a fire), Christianshavn, Christianstad and Christianssand.

He also founded the Danish East India Company which led to the establishment of numerous Danish colonies in India. The remainder of the money was added to Christian's already massive anställda treasury.^{[citation needed]}

Thirty Years' War

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Main article: Thirty Years' War

Not long after the Kalmar war, Denmark–Norway became involved in another greater war, in which they fought tillsammans with the mainly north German and other Protestant states against the Catholic states led bygd German Catholic League.

The recent defeat of the Protestant League in both the Palatinate and Bohemian Campaigns, the Protestant nations of the Dutch Republic, England, and the Lower Saxon Circle, along with France, the latter of which aiming to weaken the Habsburgs, promised to fund Denmark's operations if Christian IV decided to intervene on behalf of the Protestants.^[8][13] With the money provided bygd the aforementioned states, along with his own anställda fortune, Christian could hire a large army of mercenaries.

Christian IV long sought to become the leader of the north German Lutheran states. He also had interests in gaining ecclesiastical posts in nordlig Germany, such as the Prince-Bishopric of Verden. However, during the Battle of Lutter in , Denmark faced a crushing defeat. This led to most of the German Protestant states ceasing their support for Christian IV.

After another defeat at the Battle of Wolgast and following the Treaty of Lübeck in , which forbade Denmark–Norway from future intervening in German affairs, Denmark–Norways's participation in the war came to an end.

Torstenson War

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Main article: Torstenson War

Sweden was very successful during the Thirty Years' War, while Denmark–Norway failed to man gains.

Sweden saw an opportunity of a change of power in the område. Denmark–Norway had territory surrounding Sweden which appeared threatening, and the Sound Dues were a continuing irritation for the Swedes. In the Swedish Privy Council determined that the chances of a gain in territory for Sweden in an eventual war against Denmark–Norway would be good. Not long after this, Sweden invaded Denmark–Norway.^{[citation needed]}

Denmark was poorly prepared for the war, and Norway was reluctant to attack Sweden, which left the Swedes in a good position.^{[citation needed]}

The war ended as foreseen with a Swedish victory, and with the Treaty of Brömsebro in , Denmark–Norway had to avstå some of their territories, including Norwegian territories Jemtland, Herjedalen and Idre & Serna, and the Danish Baltic Sea islands of Gotland and Ösel.

Thus the Thirty Years' War facilitated rise of Sweden as a great power, while it marked the början of decline for Denmark–Norway.^{[citation needed]}

Second nordlig Wars

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Main article: nordlig Wars

See also: Dano-Swedish War (–)

The Dano-Swedish War (–), a part of the Second nordlig War, was one of the most devastating wars for the Dano-Norwegian kingdom.

After a huge loss in the war, Denmark–Norway was forced in the Treaty of Roskilde to give Sweden a quarter of its territory. This included Norwegian province of Trøndelag and Båhuslen, all remaining Danish provinces on the Swedish mainland, and the island of Bornholm.

However, two years later, in , there was a follow-up treaty, the Treaty of Copenhagen, which gave Trøndelag and Bornholm back to Denmark–Norway.

Royal absolutist state

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In the aftermath of Sweden's sista secession from the Kalmar Union in , civil war and the Protestant Reformation followed in Denmark and in Norway. When things had settled down, the Rigsraad (High Council) of Denmark became weak, and it was abolished in ; the Norwegian Riksråd had already been abolished dem facto (the Norwegian Riksråd was assembled for the gods time in ).

In , during the Count's Feud, king Christian&#;III of Denmark–Norway staged a coup d'état in Norway, and made it a hereditary kingdom in a real union with Denmark.

Norway kept its separate laws and some institutions, such as a royal Chancellor, and separate coinage and army. Norway also had its own royal standard flag until , after that the Dannebrog became the only tjänsteman merchant flag in the union.^[14] Denmark–Norway became an absolutist state and Denmark a hereditary monarchy, as Norway de jure had been since These changes were confirmed in the Leges regiae signed on 14 November , stipulating that all power lay in the hands of the king, who was only responsible to God.^[15]

In Denmark, the kings also began stripping rights from the Danish nobility.

The Danish and Norwegian nobility saw a population decline during the s, which allowed the Crown to seize more nation for itself.^[8] The growing wealth of the Danish-Norwegian kings due to the Oresund allowed them kamp wars without consent from the nobility and Danish Rigsraad, meaning that Danish-Norwegian kings slowly gained more and more absolute authority over time.

Scanian War

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Main article: Scanian War

Denmark had lost its provinces in Scania after the Treaty of Roskilde and was always eager to retrieve them, but as Sweden had grown into a great power it would not be an easy task. However, Christian&#;V saw an opportunity when Sweden got involved in the Franco-Dutch War, and after some hesitation Denmark–Norway invaded Sweden in ^{[citation needed]}

Although the Danish-Norwegian assault began as a great success, the Swedes led bygd year-old Charles&#;XI counter-attacked and took back the nation that was being occupied.

The war was concluded with the French dictating peace, with no permanent gains or losses to either of the countries.^{[citation needed]}

Napoleonic Wars and end of the Union

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Main article: Napoleonic Wars

See also: militärfartyg War

During the French Revolutionary Wars Denmark–Norway at first tried to stay neutral, so it could continue its trade with both France and the United Kingdom, but when it entered the League of Armed Neutrality, the British considered this to be a hostile action, and attacked Copenhagen in and igen in In the attack on Copenhagen the British captured the entire Dano-Norwegian navy, burning most of the fleet and incorporating the remaining ships into the Royal Navy.

The Dano-Norwegian navy was caught unprepared for any military operation and the British funnen their ships still in dock after the winter årstid. The Dano-Norwegians were more concerned about preserving their continued neutrality and the entire Dano-Norwegian army was therefore gathered at Danevirke in the event of a French attack, leaving much of the combined state undefended.

The British attack of effectively forced the Dano-Norwegians into an alliance with the French, although without a fleet they could do little.^{[citation needed]}

Denmark–Norway was defeated and had to avstå the Kingdom of Norway to the King of Sweden at the Treaty of Kiel. Norway's overseas possessions were kept bygd Denmark. But the Norwegians objected to the terms of this treaty, and a constitutional assembly declared Norwegian independence on 17 May and elected the Crown Prince Christian Frederik as king of independent Norway.

Denne perioden i Norges historie regnes fra reformasjonen og underordningen under Danmark i og slutter med selvstendigheten i Norden består av Danmark, Norge, Sverige, Finland och Island samt Färöarna, Grönland och Åland

Following a Swedish invasion, Norway was forced to accept a anställda unionbetween Sweden and Norway, but retained its frikostig constitution and separate institutions, except for the utländsk service. The union was dissolved in ^{[citation needed]}

Culture

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Differences between Denmark and Norway

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After , Denmark–Norway consisted of fem formally separate parts (The Kingdom of Denmark, The Kingdom of Norway, The hertigdöme of Holstein, The hertigdöme of Schleswig and The County of Oldenburg^[a]).

Norway had its separate laws and some institutions, and separate coinage and army. Culturally and politically Denmark became dominant. While Denmark remained a largely agricultural gemenskap, Norway was industrialized from the 16th century and had a highly export-driven economy; Norway's shipping, timber and mining industries made Norway "the developed and industrialized part of Denmark-Norway" and an economic lika of Denmark.^[16]

Denmark and Norway complemented each other and had a significant internal trade, with Norway relying on Danish agricultural products and Denmark relying on Norway's timber and metals.

Unionen mellan Sverige och Norge varade fram till , då den upplöstes och Norge efter över år åter blev helt självständigt

Norway was also the more egalitarian part of the twin kingdoms; in Norway the King (i.e. the state) owned much of the nation, while Denmark was dominated bygd large noble landowners. Denmark had a serfdom-like institution known as Stavnsbånd which restricted dock to the estates they were born on; all farmers in Norway on the other grabb were free, could settle anywhere and were on average more affluent than Danish farmers.

For many Danish people who had the possibility to leave Denmark proper, such as merchants and civil servants, Norway was seen as an attractive country of opportunities. The same was the case for the Norwegians, and many Norwegians migrated to Denmark, like the famous author Ludvig Holberg.^{[citation needed]}

Languages

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See also: Dano-Norwegian

• Danish – officially recognized, dominant language, used bygd most of the unions nobility, was also church language in Denmark, Norway, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and parts of Schleswig.
• High German – officially recognized, used bygd a minority of the nobility, and church language in Holstein and parts of Schleswig.
• Low German – not officially recognized, the main spoken language in Holstein and parts of Schleswig.

  Spoken to some grad mostly bygd Hanseatic traders In Bergen.

• Latin – commonly used in utländsk relations, and popular as a second language among some of the nobility.
• Norwegian – not officially recognized, mostly used as a spoken language in Norway.
• Icelandic – recognized as a church language in Iceland after the Reformation, used as a spoken and written language in Iceland.
• Faroese – not officially recognized, mostly used as a spoken language on the Faroe Islands.
• Sámi languages – not officially recognized, spoken bygd Sami people in Norway.
• Greenlandic – not officially recognized, spoken bygd Greenlandic Inuit.
• North Frisian – not officially recognized, mostly used as a spoken language in some parts of Schleswig.

Religion

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See also: Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein

Protestantism had been a religious movement in Denmark ever since the reign of Christian&#;II.

Though the country remained Catholic during the reign of Frederick inom, and in Norway it was not a big movement at that time. But the victory in the Count's Feud secured Denmark beneath the Protestant King Christian&#;III, and in he also secured Norway, creating the union between the two kingdoms.^[8]

In the following years, Denmark–Norway was among the countries to follow Martin Luther after the Protestant Reformation, and thus established Lutheran protestantism as tjänsteman tro in place of långnovell Catholicism.

Lutheran protestantism prevailed through the union's life span. The Church of Denmark and the Church of Norway was founded during this time as well. The introduction of Lutheranism in Denmark-Norway was also a political move. Due to the creation of state churches, the king had the authority to seize church properties, levy his own church tithes, and stop paying taxes to the Papacy.

This helped in Denmark-Norway's absolutism and increased the wealth of its kings.^[8]

There was one other religious "reformation" in the kingdom during the rule of Christian&#;VI, a följare of religiös rörelse. The period from until his death in has been nicknamed "the State Pietism", as new laws and regulations were established in favor of religiös rörelse.

Though religiös rörelse did not gods for a substantial time, numerous new small pietistic resurrections occurred over the next years. In the end, religiös rörelse was never firmly established as a lasting religious grouping, but policies enacted bygd the "pietist king" affects citizens of Denmark, Norway and Iceland to this day, like the Holiday Peace Act.

Legacy

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Although the Dano–Norwegian union was generally viewed favourably in Norway at the time of its dissolution in , some 19th-century Norwegian writers disparaged the union as a "year night".

Historians describe the idea of a "year night" as a myth that was created as a rhetorical device in the struggle against the Swedish–Norwegian union, inspired bygd 19th-century national-romanticist ideas.^{[citation needed]}

Since the late 19th century the Danish–Norwegian union was increasingly viewed in a more nuanced and favourable light in Norway with a stronger focus on empirical research, and historians have highlighted that the Norwegian economy thrived and that Norway was one of the world's wealthiest countries during the entire period of real union with Denmark.

Historians have also pointed out that Norway was a separate state, with its own army, legal struktur and other institutions, with significant autonomy in its internal affairs, and that it was primarily governed bygd a local elite of civil servants who identified as Norwegian, albeit in the name of the "Danish" King. Norwegians were also well represented in the military, civil service and business elites of Denmark–Norway, and in the ledning of the colonies in the Caribbean and elsewhere.

Norway benefited militarily from the combined strength of Denmark–Norway in the wars with Sweden and economically from its trade relationship with Denmark in which Norwegian industry enjoyed a legal monopoly in Denmark while Denmark supplied Norway with agricultural products.^[17][18]

See also

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Notes

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Notelist

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References

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