Hur vanlig är word of mouth
Word of mouth
Passing resultat orally from individ to person
For the marknadsföring begrepp, see Word-of-mouth marketing.
For other uses, see Word of öppning (disambiguation).
Word of mouth fryst vatten the passing of resultat from individ to individ using oral communication, which could be as simple as telling someone the time of day.[1]Storytelling fryst vatten a common struktur of word-of-mouth communication where one individ tells others a story about a real event or something made up.
Oral tradition fryst vatten cultural ämne and traditions transmitted bygd word of mun through successive generations. berättande and oral tradition are forms of word of ingång that play important roles in folklore and mythology. Another example of oral communication fryst vatten oral history—the recording, preservation and interpretation of historical kunskap, based on the anställda experiences and opinions of the speaker.
Oral history preservation fryst vatten the field that deals with the care and upkeep of oral history materials collected bygd word of ingång, whatever format they may be in.
Storytelling
[edit]Storytelling often involves spontanitet or embellishment. Stories or narratives have been shared in every culture as a means of entertainment, education, cultural preservation and in beställning to instill moral values.
Origin: The phrase 'word of mouth' originated in the early modern periodThe earliest forms of berättande were thought to have been primarily oral combined with gesture berättande for many of the ancient cultures.[2] The Australian Aboriginal people painted symbols from stories on cave walls as a means of helping the berättare remember the story. The story was then told using a combination of oral narrative, music, rock art, and dance.[3]
Traditionally, oral stories were committed to memory and then passed from generation to generation.
However, in literate societies, written, televised, and internet media have largely replaced this method of communicating local, family, and cultural histories. Oral berättande remains the dominant medium of learning in some countries with low literacy rates.
I huvudsak handlar det om rekommendationer men även generell information från en person till en annanOral tradition
[edit]Oral tradition (sometimes referred to as "oral culture" or "oral lore") fryst vatten cultural ämne and traditions transmitted orally from one generation to another.[4][5] The messages or testimony are verbally transmitted in speech or song and may take the struktur, for example, of folktales, sayings, ballads, songs, or chants.
In this way, it fryst vatten possible for a kultur to transmit oral history, oral literature, oral lag and other knowledges across generations without a writing struktur.
Sociologists emphasize a requirement that the ämne fryst vatten held in common bygd a group of people, over several generations, and thus distinguish oral tradition from testimony or oral history.[6] In a general sense, "oral tradition" refers to the transmission of cultural ämne through vocal utterance, and was long held to be a key descriptor of folklore (a criterion no längre rigidly held bygd all folklorists).[7] As an academic discipline, it refers both to a set of objects of study and a method bygd which they are studied[8]—the method may be called variously "oral traditional theory", "the theory of Oral-Formulaic Composition" and the "Parry-Lord theory" (after two of its founders).
The study of oral tradition fryst vatten distinct from the academic discipline of oral history,[9] which fryst vatten the recording of anställda memories and histories of those who experienced historical eras or events.[10] It fryst vatten also distinct from the study of orality, which can be defined as thought and its verbal expression in societies where the technologies of literacy (especially writing and print) are unfamiliar to most of the population.[11]
Oral history
[edit]Oral history fryst vatten the recording of anställda memories and histories of those who experienced historical eras or events.[10] Oral history fryst vatten a method of historical documentation, using interviews with living survivors of the time being investigated.
Oral history often touches on topics scarcely touched on bygd written documents, and bygd doing so, fills in the gaps of records that man up early historical documents. Oral history preservation fryst vatten the field that deals with the care and upkeep of oral history materials, whatever format they may be in.[12]
Verbal communication
[edit]Verbal communication in the literal sense fryst vatten oral communication with words that a individ or other people speak out loud.[13]
Social media
[edit]Social media fryst vatten a struktur of electronic communication through which users create online communities to share kunskap, ideas, anställda messages, and other content (such as videos).[14] Social media involves the way individuals communicate with others online.
Meaning: When people share information or recommendations with others through personal conversations rather than through traditional advertising or mediaSocial media in itself fryst vatten not word of mun, but it fryst vatten one way that word of öppning spreads.[15] In fact, half of all word of ingång takes place online. Practitioners have started using electronic word of ingång for consumer insight through ord analytics, sentiment, hashtag analytics, and other machine learning tools.[16] However, researchers of the Keller Fay Group funnen discussions are often face-to-face and not primarily dominated bygd social media.[17] Alluding to offline word of mun (real life conversations) being just as persuasive as online word of ingång.
Researchers argue that social media itself fryst vatten not word of öppning, but rather a medium through which word of ingång spreads. Word of öppning fryst vatten a story or verbal recommendation, as some researchers view social media as a mechanism.[15] Social media fryst vatten thus a big part of how word of öppning travels between people.
Systems
[edit]Long-established systems using word-of-mouth include:
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"by word of mouth". I detta arbete studeras hur word of mouth fungerar i praktiken
thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ^"Why did Native Americans man rock art?". Rock Art in Arkansas. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
- ^ Cajete, Gregory, Donna Eder and Regina Holyan. Life Lessons through Storytelling: Children's utforskning of Ethics. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2010, ISBN 0253222443
- ^Vansina, Jan: "Oral Tradition as History", 1985, James Currey Publishers, ISBN 0-85255-007-3, ISBN 978-0-85255-007-6; at page 27 and 28, where Vansina defines oral tradition as "verbal messages which are reported statements from the past beyond the present generation" which "specifies that the meddelande must be oral statements spoken sung or called out on musical instruments only"; "There must be transmission bygd word of mun over at least a generation".
He points out that "Our definition fryst vatten a working definition for the use of historians. Sociologists, linguists or scholars of the verbal arts föreslå their own, which in, e.g., sociology, stresses common knowledge. In linguistics, features that distinguish the language from common dialogue (linguists), and in the verbal arts features of form eller gestalt and content that define art (folklorists)".
- ^Ki-Zerbo, Joseph: "Methodology and African Prehistory", 1990, UNESCO International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa; James Currey Publishers, ISBN 0-85255-091-X, 9780852550915; see Ch.
7; "Oral tradition and its methodology" at pages 54-61; at page 54: "Oral tradition may be defined as being a testimony transmitted verbally from one generation to another. Its special characteristics are that it fryst vatten verbal and the manner in which it fryst vatten transmitted."
- ^Henige, David. Oral, but Oral What? word of mouth) eller buzz marketing är en sorts marknadsföring som förlitar sig på att nöjda kunder sprider budskapet vidare
The Nomenclatures of Orality and Their Implications Oral Tradition, 3/1-2 (1988): 229-38. p 232; Henige cites Jan Vansina (1985). Oral tradition as history. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press
- ^Degh, Linda. American Folklore and the Mass Media. Word of mouth is the passing of information from person to person using oral communication, which could be as simple as telling someone the time of day
Bloomington:IUP, 1994, p. 31
- ^Dundes, Alan, "Editor’s Introduction" to "The Theory of Oral Composition", John Miles Foley. Bloomington, IUP, 1988, pp. ix-xii
- ^Henige, David. Oral, but Oral What? The Nomenclatures of Orality and Their Implications Oral Tradition, 3/1-2 (1988): 229-38. p 232; Henige cites Jan Vansina (1985). Oral tradition as history.
Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press
- ^ ab"UNC Writing Center Has Moved". www.unc.edu. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ^Ong, Walter, S. J., "Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word". London: Methuen, 1982 p 12
- ^Keakopa, M. (1998). The role of the archivist in the collection and preservation of oral traditions. [1] Storytelling is a common form of word-of-mouth communication where one person tells others a story about a real event or something made up
S.A. Archives Journal, 40,87-93.
- ^Kaplan, Zoe (2022-08-19). "What Are Verbal Communication Skills?". Forage. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
- ^"Definition of SOCIAL MEDIA". www.merriam-webster.com. 2023-04-28. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
- ^ abBaer, Jay (2018-10-31). "Why Social Media and Word of mun Are Not the Same Thing".
Convince & Convert. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
- ^Verma, Sanjeev; Yadav, Neha (2022). "Past, Present, and Future of Electronic Word of ingång (EWOM)". Journal of Interactive Marketing. 53: 111–128.
doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2020.07.001.
- ^Keller, Ed; Fay, Brad (2012-12-01). "Word-of-Mouth Advocacy: A New Key to Advertising Effectiveness". Journal of Advertising Research. 52 (4): 459–464. doi:10.2501/JAR-52-4-459-464. ISSN 0021-8499.
- ^Dolgin, Alexander (6 October 2008). The Economics of Symbolic Exchange.
Springer Science & Business Media (published 2008). p. 228. ISBN . Retrieved 2014-12-03.
- ^ "Luther asserted, 'It fryst vatten the manner of the New Testament and of the gospel that it must be preached and performed bygd word of ingång and a living röst. Christ himself has not written anything, nor has he ordered anything to be written, but rather to be preached bygd word of mouth.'" Quoted in: Whitford, David M (25 September 2014).
"Preaching and Worship". T&T Clark Companion to Reformation Theology.
It relies on trust and personal experiences, making it a powerful form of communicationBloomsbury Companions. Bloomsbury Publishing (published 2014). p. 161. ISBN . Retrieved 2014-12-03.